Estimated Number of Stars May Triple - New York Times

This undercounting of stars in the universe could throw a monkey wrench into astronomers understanding of how galaxies formed and grew over the eons.

This boost in stars, and wishes, comes from a huge number of dim, cool dwarf stars in certain galaxies, astronomers report in an article that the journal Nature published on its Web site on Wednesday

“It’s very problematic,” said Pieter van Dokkum, a professor of astronomy at Yale who wrote the Nature paper with Charlie Conroy of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass.

The conundrum is that astronomers cannot actually count the dwarf stars, which have masses less than a third of that of the Sun, in galaxies outside the Milky Way. So instead, they counted the brighter Sun-like stars and then assumed that there were about 100 unseen dwarfs for each larger Sun-like star, as is the case in the Milky Way.

Yet not every galaxy looks like the Milky Way, with its spiraling pinwheel arms. Some are blobby and elliptical, and it was an untested assumption that the distribution of star sizes in elliptical galaxies — where the distribution and density of gas clouds that give rise to stars could be quite different — is the same as in the Milky Way.Dr. van Dokkum and Dr. Conroy took an innovative approach to counting what they could not see. Because the dwarfs are cooler, the fingerprint of certain colors they emit and absorb is different than for larger stars. Thus, while they could not see individual stars, the astronomers could calculate the number of dwarfs required to produce the telltale color fingerprint they detected in the light coming from the whole galaxy.

And they found that in eight elliptical galaxies, that the ratio of dwarf stars to-Sun-like stars was 1,000 or 2,000 to 1, rather than 100 to 1 in the Milky Way. A typical elliptical galaxy, now thought to consist of about 100 billion stars, would actually have one trillion or more stars. Ellipticals account for about a third of all galaxies, leading to the new estimate of three times as many stars over all.

“We may have to abandon this notion of using the Milky Way as a template for the rest of the universe,” Dr. van Dokkum said.

If the findings are correct, an undercount of dwarfs would mean that astronomers have underestimated the masses of galaxies, and that would mean that galaxies developed earlier and faster than currently thought.

“Which would be very interesting, actually,” said Richard Ellis, a professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology who was not involved in the research. “It’s very important that papers like this are published so that we are reminded how fragile our knowledge of the universe is.”

Yet Dr. Ellis said he remained skeptical. “A little more convincing may be needed,” he said. “It’s good data and it’s a sound analysis, but there are a few escape clauses.”

For one, the research assumes that the stars in an elliptical galaxy are made of exactly the same stuff as those in spiral galaxies, an assumption that cannot be tested yet.

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Original Apple-1 Goes On Auction Block, Estimated at $160K-$240K - PC Magazine

And you thought the prices for normal Apple systems were high enough (we kid; we kid). An old-school Apple-1 computer is up for auction via Christie's of London, and the estimate for the sale hovers between $160,000 and $240,000.

Winning bidders will receive the system itself, an original 1976 design that's in short supply today-- roughly 50 still exist out of the original lot of 200 that were designed and hand-built by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak himself. The auction also allegedly includes the Apple-1's original packaging, instruction manuals, and a signed letter by company co-cofounder Steve Jobs himself (likely autographed in Jobs' garage, the initial manufacturing location for the Apple-1 design).

This entire setup would have cost an aspiring purchaser $666.66 back in July of 1976, although its miniscule amount of memory—eight kilobytes—wouldn't even be enough to store a single iTunes song by today's standards. An additional cassette interface that comes alongside the to-be-auctioned product would have cost an extra $75 in Apple's beginning years.

For those intending on firing up the Apple-1 for a bit of chess, you might want to save a few extra bucks in the bank account for some additional puchases. That's because the Apple-1 is a wee bit different in its design than Apple products of the present-day. For starters, there's no case, keyboard, or interface to speak of—no included monitor to connect to what's ultimately just a circuit board.

Apple's first PC was unique in that, as an assembled system, users weren't forced to actually go and solder the components onto the board themselves. However, it wasn't until the launch of the Apple-II that a keyboard was integrated into a general case design, paving the way for the more "conventional" computer look that's known today.

Christie's plans to auction the device on November 23.

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